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Repeated mating with increasing numbers of males caused a significant reduction in offspring number in both strains.
Importantly, this reduction was more pronounced for N2, for which it caused a loss of up to 53% progeny compared to a maximum of about 40% for CB4856 (comparison between repeated mating with 1 versus 12 males).
Highly aggressive males limit the access of loser males to females through male male competition, repeated mating with the same female and extended periods of post-copulatory mate guarding (Clarissa M. House, unpublished data).
Females of the broad-horned flour beetle, Gnatocerus cornutus, exhibit moderate levels of polyandry and repeated mating in populations maintained at an equal sex ratio (Clarissa M. House, unpublished data).
Thus as a consequence of this sexual conflict females may evolve measures to avoid the costs of excessive matings while males remain selected for maximizing paternity through repeated mating [7] [9].
However, hermaphrodites in the repeated mating experiment were exposed to "new" virgin males every day (most likely with high mating efficiency), whereas hermaphrodites in the male maintenance assay encounter the same males over consecutive days, which are likely to show reduced mating efficiency over time (due to the likely high energy demand per mating as well as sperm depletion).
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Because E. quaesita is thought to repeat mating in interval of 1 2 weeks [ 39], the majority of the non-virgins used in this study were most likely multiply mated.
Power can be further improved by incorporating recombinant inbred (RI) strains formed by crossing classical inbred strains followed by repeated sibling mating.
Strains with either the eso1-G799D eso1-W804G04G mutation can still grow on the plates containing FOA, indicating that eso1 mutations do not have significant effects on the silencing of the ura4+ reporter gene at the outermost centromeric repeats, innermost centromeric repeats or mating type region.
The mouse Collaborative Cross (CC) is a panel of eight-way recombinant inbred lines: eight diverse parental strains are intermated, followed by repeated sibling mating, many times in parallel, to create a new set of inbred lines whose genomes are random mosaics of the genomes of the original eight strains.
THE mouse Collaborative Cross (CC) is a panel of eight-way recombinant inbred lines (RIL): eight diverse parental strains are intermated, followed by repeated sibling mating, many times in parallel (see Figure 1D), to create a new set of inbred lines whose genomes are random mosaics of the genomes of the original eight strains (Complex Trait Consortium 2004; Collaborative Cross Consortium 2012).
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