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This increase is probably associated with antimicrobial drug usage; repeated importation is not required.
Likewise, virologic surveillance in Victoria, Australia, over a 25-year period suggested that repeated importation of multiple genotypes had occurred (5), and a similar pattern has been reported for the United Kingdom (10).
The prominence of multidrug resistance, particularly among MSM, combined with the negative association with recent travel in MSM starting in late 2002, suggests that this type has proliferated without the aid of repeated importation.
Especially, as before 1963 only DENV-2 American genotype was reported in the Americas, but since then the region has been subject to repeated importation of new dengue serotypes and strains [ 7].
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The Wallinga estimator was extended by Cowling [ 61] to allow for reporting delays and repeated importations, and by Glass [ 62] to allow for heterogeneities among age groups (e.g., adults and children).
The wider sampling and detailed plasmid analysis are major strengths of our study and expand on the two previous WGS outbreak investigations (16, 17); without such data, uncertainty about transmission versus repeated importations of strains or dissemination of drug resistance plasmids remains, particularly in high-prevalence contexts.
On more recent temporal scales, the global population structure of B. anthracis reflects colonial-era importation of specific genotypes from the Old World into the New World, as well as the repeated industrial importation of diverse genotypes into developed countries via spore-contaminated animal products.
This is a major milestone for a country which had originally defeated polio in 2001 but has suffered repeated re-importations since 2005.
Angola celebrates one year without polio August 2012: This is a major milestone for a country which had originally defeated polio in 2001 but has suffered repeated re-importations since 2005.
To date, there have been 9 cases in the country in 2013 as a result of repeated cross-border wild polio virus importation and subsequent child-to-child transmission in Afghanistan.
Amongst the 94 clearly documented Victorian-associated cases, there were 72 individual importations over this period, demonstrating repeated seeding of WA by persons infected in Victoria.
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