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3 11 17 Existing research has investigated the different types of behaviour within aggression, including relational aggression, 13 19 and the repeated harm and power imbalance associated with bullying.
But one 2010 study by the Cyberbullying Research Center, an organization founded by two criminologists who defined bullying as "willful and repeated harm" inflicted through phones and computers, said one in five middle-school students had been affected.
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A pilot randomised trial of developmental group psychotherapy compared with routine care in 63 adolescents referred with repeated self harm to child and adolescent mental health services 25 showed a significant relative reduction of repeated self harm over 29 weeks of follow-up (2/31 in developmental group psychotherapy versus 10/31 in routine care; odds ratio 6.3; 95% CI 1.4 to 28.7).
20 (62.5%) of the young people had a history of repeated self harm.
When referrals were made to the SPACE programme, referrers were asked to document whether the child had a previous history of repeated self harm or whether this was a first instance.
We evaluated the effectiveness of adding a manual based group treatment, developmental group psychotherapy, for adolescents presenting with repeated self harm to routine treatment compared with routine care alone.
Our objective was to use a large parallel group randomised trial to compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of developmental group psychotherapy plus routine care with that of routine care alone for adolescents presenting with repeated self harm in the previous year.
There was a significant association between parental psychological distress at baseline (as measured by the GHQ-12) and previous history of repeated self harm in the child (Z = -2.23, n = 32, p =.026) with high levels of psychological distress associated with previous episodes of DSH.
"Every human being who has experienced victimization deserves a voice and a chance to be protected from repeat harm," she said.
These difficulties experienced by some GPs are of particular concern because young people who self-harm are at increased risk of doing so again (10) and repeated self-harm is a risk factor for suicide (1, 12).
Repeated self-harming was common, the study said, and a small group of 102 women inmates self-harmed more than 100 times a year.
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