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The music, by Arvo Pärt, is extremely spare: a rudimentary violin melody set over a repeated figure on the piano, a few chords.
Ebbing and flowing in waves, the music ended with an obsessively repeated figure as if a phonograph needle were stuck in a groove.
Mr. Curtin's figure, based on scrutiny of shipping contracts and port data, was substantially less than the widely repeated figure of 20 million, which, he showed, was an extrapolation from now-lost records pertaining to Jamaica, and the figure of 15 million used by W. E. B. Du Bois, who repeated a figure arrived at by Edward Dunbar, a 19th-century abolitionist.
"So that is all," it begins, with a repeated figure in the woodwinds and tremolos that pass through the strings under a sad vocal line that soars on the words "I am still loved," then starts to fragment into angry declamation, prefiguring the Duchess's insanity with eerie slides in the strings and a postlude of heaves and clicks.
We repeated Figure 4a,b under the UMA, and the results appeared equivalent (not shown).
The repeated figure of an anapaest provides the "rhythmic energy of the texture".
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Repeated figures turn up with thirds or sixths attached.
In some places, there are floating, repeated figures with Theo Bleckmann singing wordless vocals.
Enigmatic as ever, Shostakovich lets uplifting assertions on eternity trail away in chirping little repeated figures.
At first Mr. Eckert played soft, rippling repeated figures on the accordion over which he sang a textless, eerie chant.
And rippling repeated figures — sometimes arpeggios, sometimes less predictable patterns — prefigure Minimalism.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com