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Sequence analysis of the outbreak isolates suggests that the initiating dose occurred in Haiti, and was followed by repeated divergence of the virus lineages[12].
The number of divergence events within host groups was many more than expected by chance revealing a pronounced pattern of repeated divergence of this trait within host groups and broad scale convergence across the radiation of feather lice.
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Specifically, the mean divergence of cod repeats was 0.268 base substitutions/site, whereas the mean distance among repeats of the other teleosts ranged from 0.676 base substitutions/site for tilapia to 0.839 for zebrafish, suggesting that the cod repeats diverged much more recently than those of other teleosts.
It appears highly plausible that developmental plasticity in the trophic morphology of cichlid oral jaws could represent an ancestral "flexible stem" that promoted their rapid and repeated evolutionary divergence along a common bentho-pelagic feeding axis [50], [81], and there are strong indications that this could be a general phenomenon when fishes invade new lakes.
Our study provides a potential example of repeated adaptive divergence in a group of parasites.
It is unclear how common such repeated adaptive divergence processes are across the array of adaptive radiations in nature.
The radiation of avian feather lice into discrete ecomorphs has occurred along the lines of repeated adaptive divergence.
Thus, host-parasite systems might exhibit interesting cases of repeated adaptive divergence as seen in island and lake systems.
Host-parasite systems have been compared as analogous to island systems [ 12, 13], and might prove to be another case where repeated adaptive divergence is relatively more frequent.
Phylogenetic analyses based on one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes for avian feather lice revealed a pattern of repeated adaptive divergence of microhabitat specialization in these ectoparasites.
Classic examples of such repeated adaptive divergence occur in island (for example, Caribbean Anolis lizards) and lake systems (for example, African cichlids).
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