Scouts and agents say this kind of repeat hosting is frequent, especially for print work, which tends to supply most of a location agent's business.
If the beetle phylogeny is compared to plant chemical defenses, however, the repeated host shifts make good sense: beetles are likely to shift between hosts that are chemically similar.
During this phase, repeated host divergence and phage counter-adaptation are observed, so that diversity of both phage and bacteria strains increases.
It is conceivable that repeated host inflammatory responses due to long-term bacterial colonisation could provide one source of ROS-producing neutrophils.
In repeated host choice experiments with alatae of CPA, we found that the alatae preferentially settled on the susceptible accession Borung compared to the resistant SA30199 from 48h after release.
Experimental methods have also been used in ΦX174 to address the occurrence of clonal interference under different conditions (Pepin and Wichman 2008) and the genetic basis of fitness effects induced by high temperature (Bull et al. 2000; Holder and Bull 2001), novel hosts (Pepin et al. 2008), or repeated host switching (Bull et al. 1997; Crill et al. 2000).
A missense change at the same amino acid was identified during serial transfers on a mutant E. coli host lacking O antigens (Pepin et al. 2008; site 1302, they label as gpF100) and the adjacent residue (gpF102), also prominently placed on the capsid surface, is subject to rapid and reversible change in response to repeated host shifts (Crill et al. 2000; they label as gpF101).
Compromised immune response in the presence of these pathogens, combined with documented Relish-pathogen interactions, makes this locus a likely target for repeated host-pathogen evolutionary interactions in distantly related taxa.
Even including transmission in utero, there are extremely few known instances in which a human cancer has dispersed outside its original host, and no known outbreaks of repeated host-to-host transmission (Dingli and Nowak 2006).
We also conducted phylogenetic analyses of ATV in comparison to other Ranavirus genomic sequences to provide a rigorous test of monophyly vs. a pattern of nonmonophyly resulting from repeated host-switches, as well as timing of the emergence of ATV to assess human involvement in its geographic spread.
