p21-Activated kinases (PAKs) which belong to the family of ste20 serine/threonine protein kinases regulate cytoskeletal reorganization, cell motility, cell proliferation, and oncogenic transformation which are all related to the cellular functions during cancer induction and metastasis.
In addition, osteoclasts stimulated with M-CSF undergo cytoskeletal reorganization, cell spreading and migration [32], [33].
Mostly by overexpression of dominant active or negative mutants, Cdc42 has been shown to regulate actin cytoskeleton reorganization, cell migration, proliferation, and survival [11].
During traversal of the midgut epithelium, ookinetes elicit systemic and local immune responses leading to their recognition and destruction together with cellular responses such as cytoskeleton reorganization, cell protrusion and apoptotic cell death [6], [7].
Similar to other chemokine receptors, stimulation of the CCL2-receptor, CCR2, results in the activation of a plethora of intracellular signal transduction cascades, which leads to actin filament reorganization, cell polarization and cell movement [3].
Pollen tube growth is regulated by a wide range of spatiotemporally organised signalling networks and functions including exocytosis and endocytosis, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, cell wall deposition and assembly, phospholipid and inositol polyphosphate signalling, small G-proteins, fertilization, and self-incompatibility [35].
These signals can result in cytoskeleton reorganization, cell adhesion or cell separation.
Rho family GTPases regulate actin cytoskeletal reorganization, cell adhesion, and migration.
Phosphoinositides are produced at cellular membranes and influence a number of processes including cell survival, vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization, cell migration and cell division.
Cancer cells react to their environment through the modulation of cell adhesions, contact guidance, cytoskeletal reorganization, cell shape changes, secretion of proteolytic enzymes and chemokines, and force generation.
