Monomeric sugars derived from cellulosic materials hold great potential as abundant, renewable intermediates for the production of renewable liquid transportation fuels, chemicals, and biomaterials.
The data summarised in Table 1 were entered into the PNS software, segmented into raw materials (fossil and renewable resources), intermediates (e.g. raw material before use for energy production), products (e.g. electricity) and operating units (conversion technologies and piping).
Formic acid generated from CO2 has been proposed both as a key intermediate renewable chemical feedstock as well as a potential chemical-based energy storage media for hydrogen.
Chemically complex bio-oils from biomass fast pyrolysis are promising intermediate renewable energy carriers, which can be transformed into hydrogen (H2) or alkanes (C1 C6) by aqueous-phase processing.
This paper seeks to rectify the problem presented by the detected lack of medium-complexity dynamic models of renewable systems with intermediate storage, proposing a domestic microgrid solution composed of photovoltaics, metal hydride hydrogen-based storage with an electrolyzer, polymeric electrolyte fuel cell (PEM-FC), and interconnections with neighbor grids and electric vehicles.
The interest of epoxidation of fatty esters lies in the production of renewable and biodegradable intermediates.
Accurate analytical methods are required to develop and evaluate the quality of new renewable transportation fuels and intermediate organic liquid products (OLPs).
The degradation of lignin substructures by bacteria is of emerging interest because it could provide renewable alternative feedstocks and intermediates for chemical manufacturing industries.
Future applications span a wide range including electric vehicles, intermediate storage for renewable energy generation and direct grid applications from power quality issues to offering an alternative to strengthening transmission.
A transition to renewable energies appears feasible; however, with an intermediate period with limited supplies between 2015 and 2025.
