Liver transplantation is a clinically established procedure for removing mutant protein from the blood, but not from the CNS, as TTR is also produced by the choroid plexus epithelia, hippocampal and cortical neurons.
The authors then perform structure-guided mutagenesis to disrupt polymerization in vivo and demonstrate for one of these mutants that it is the inhibition that is removed (the mutant is not less active in CTP production).
We found that even when TagSpoIIE was removed, the mutant proteins failed to activate σF.
Because the kinetic properties of the Q228A mutant respond to protium deuterium substitution, the pH of the buffer, and solvent viscosity, we conclude that unregulated solvent-derived proton transfer occurs when the carboxamide side chain is removed in mutant Q228A.
However, when wasps were removed and mutant flies were placed in a new tube for an additional 24 hr after wasp exposure, oviposition returned to levels comparable to unexposed flies.
In addition to conditional knockout strategies, transgenics have been used to generate gain of function β-catenin mouse alleles by generating a transgenic β- catenin with exon3 flanked by lox-p sites, and thus when exon3 is removed the mutant β- catenin is constitutively active.
BAC fxAR121 mice show an early lethality phenotype that can be completely rescued by removing the mutant AR only from the skeletal muscle (Cortes et al., 2014; Lieberman et al., 2014).
Female offspring of these mutator mice, which carried approximately 30 mutations randomly distributed throughout the mitochondrial genome, were continuously backcrossed to wild-type males to remove the mutant POLG gene but allow the transmission of the heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations [50].
In order to determine whether there was a similar mechanism behind the delay in metamorphosis in fed black mutant Manduca, wing imaginal discs were removed from black mutant larvae, which were subsequently given rapamycin- or DMSO-treated diets.
The arsC gene was also removed from the mutant strain DHB4Δ grxAΔ grxBΔ grxC (strain CC105), which yielded mutant strain CC109.
