Collected data was buffer subtracted using PRIMUS (Konarev et al., 2003 ) and the beamstop shadow removed by cutting the data at a q-value of 0.055 nm−1.
As a result, the wall contributions can be removed by projecting the data measurement vector at each antenna on the wall orthogonal subspace.
Importantly, systematic errors cannot be removed by increasing the data because potential systematic errors also grow with increased size of data sets (Rodríguez-Ezpeleta et al. 2007).
Furthermore, we show that the largest source of variation between subjects is captured by global perfusion levels, and can in principle be removed by adjusting the data.
We therefore focus on crossover or qualitative interactions because of their unambiguous interpretation: crossover interactions cannot be removed by rescaling the data.
All identifiers of the study participants from the transcripts of the data were removed by the first author to ensure anonymity of the study participants.
Since some pixels of the sinogram grid corresponding to the affected projection bins are removed by the MAR procedure, the regular data become scattered (Fig. 1e).
Systematic biases resulting from different sources of RNA and batches of microarrays in the meta data were removed by the "remove effect" function of GeneMaths XT.
Since WVR do not work well during rain, the data from rainy periods were removed by eliminating all data points where the estimated atmospheric liquid water content was above 0.7 mm, a strong indication for rain.
The projected color images were converted to grayscale images, and the background trends were removed by subtracting smoothed data from the grayscale images to enhance cloud shapes before the coefficient (r_{z}) calculation.
