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Figure 10 Performance comparison against a row/column line removal attack.
To further examine ACOCOA's robustness, we have implemented the method of watermark removal attack [33] for comparison.
Notice that in bit-plane removal attack, the least significant bits of the watermarked image are replaced with zeros.
Therefore, a possible solution to further reduce their population could consist in increasing the strength of the removal attack at the cost of image quality.
Our interest stemmed from the consideration that an image with too few keypoints is per se a clue of counterfeit, which can be used to reveal the removal attack.
As a consequence, the adversary must improve the imperceptibility of the removal attack by introducing new keypoints that are detectable by SIFT but do not have any correspondence with the authentic ones.
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In contrast to removal attacks, geometrical attacks do not actually remove the embedded watermark itself but intend to distort the watermark detector synchronization with the embedded information [20].
The algorithm is experimentally analyzed using various quality metrics and watermark removal attacks.
This explains why the watermark cannot be recovered for the two content removal attacks.
The wide class of existing attacks can be divided into four main categories: removal attacks, geometrical attacks, cryptographic attacks, and protocol attacks [20].
Removal attacks aim at the complete removal of the watermark information from the watermark data without cracking the security of the watermarking algorithm [20].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com