Acquiring and using data from satellites or aircraft has notably increased the information base for describing forests in the last decades; for example, trends in phenology at northern latitudes have been remotely observed [10], remotely-sensed observations have provided support for renewable energy decisions [11], and aboveground biomass has been estimated remotely [12].
The LUT are used to estimate biophysical variables of vegetation canopies from remotely-sensed data observed at the TOA in a number of viewing directions and in several wavebands within the visible and near-infrared spectrum.
In this study, we combine breeding count data from an irregularly visited emperor penguin colony with locally recorded air temperature data, locally observed fast ice duration data and remotely sensed circumpolar sea ice duration data to evaluate the impacts of changing environmental conditions on breeding population size.
This strategy is tested using both Monte Carlo simulations and a time series dataset based on supervised classification of remotely sensed data corresponding to land use decisions observed in a Mexican coffee growing region during the period 1984 2006.
Heteroscedasticity, i.e. for continuous dependent variables typically an increasing dispersion of residuals with increasing predictions, is often observed in models linking field- and remotely sensed data.
Environmental data included on-site observations, existing GIS layers, and remotely sensed data.
Miniaturized GPS logging devices provide track data of sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution that considerable variation in flight behaviour can be observed remotely from the form of the track alone.
During the walks, the system was observed remotely by the study technician.
Parent-child interactions during the belt-buckling process were videotaped and observed remotely by the research assistant.
However, diagnosing the changing positions of fronts can be problematic, even using remotely sensed data from satellites (Graham et al. 2012; Gille 2014), and other factors are also believed to contribute to the warming observed (Hogg et al. 2008).
