Additionally, the off-ramps need to be connected to the various domestic remittance methods in their respective countries.
Before solutions like WorldRemit, many were simply using alternative remittance methods that are hard to track and often more expensive.
Variables important for this study that were not measured include mode and frequency of communication with family and friends in Senegal, method of remittance sending, and measures of strength of social ties with family.
On average, just 15% of adults in fragile states have a bank account, but it is precisely in countries like Afghanistan, Sudan and Yemen that having a safe place to save or a reliable method to receive remittances is most important.
The results are very robust with respect to the estimation method applied and illustrate that remittance receipt enhances expenditures on education and health.
One heavily explored method is analysis of the remittance spectra of skin tissue utilizing diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
As no censoring is present in the categories "food" and "housing", both enter the system as in equation (1). 10 Note, that to control for the endogeneity of remittances and gender different methods are used.
A more recent and emerging literature uses experimental methods to investigate motives related to remittance sending (e.g. see Batista et al. 2015; Torero and Viceisza 2015; De Arcangelis et al. 2015; Binzel and Fehr 2013).
Because of the zero censoring in remittance data, the tobit estimation technique remains the best estimating method for remittances.
The Financial Action Task Force announced, in a reference to the hawala system, that it would "enhance its focus on informal and nontraditional methods of financing terrorism and money laundering, including cash couriers, alternative remittance systems and the abuse of nonprofit organizations".
This is tested first, in the following results section, using descriptive data and plots of mean remittance levels against migrants' length of absence from home, and then using appropriate econometric methods.
