To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the Western and Eastern Ghats; the plateau contains the country's oldest rock formations, some over one billion years old.
The establishment of the Drake's Passage during the Oligocene (~41 Ma; [ 136]) completed the separation of the remaining Gondwanan landmass that consisted of Australia, Antarctica, and South America.
The biogeographic origin of the Pseudaphritioidea involves vicariance, specifically the fragmentation of Australia from the remaining East Gondwanan landmasses, wi = 0.500.
The remaining 40%% of the landmass is covered by forests which are largely protected areas.
Meanwhile, Australia's reliance on coal continues and the vast solar and wind potential of its huge landmass remain unexploited.
Although 86% of the world's landmasses remain in relative darkness at night, darkness declined slightly in all regions over the study period.
Finally, during the Pleistocene glaciations, the two islands formed a single landmass, easing the migration of the remaining Protoligurian and other fauna from Mallorca to Menorca [ 48, 49].
As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's landmass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves.
We therefore propose an initial leuciscine colonization of Europe from southwestern Asia via the Balkanian-Anatolian-Iranian landmass at the beginning of the Early Oligocene, which precisely matches the initial splitting of the most basal leuciscine lineages (XI, XII and XIII) from the remaining leuciscins in 32.9 mya (CI 95% 29.6-33.5).
Although it may be possible that the Greater Antilles have remained isolated from continental landmasses since the early Cenozoic, a hypothesized land bridge potentially existed around 35 33 MYA38,43.
