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Wim Duisenberg, its president, said recently that "countries with remaining imbalances must avoid deficits in excess of 3% of GDP and implement determined policies in order to progress towards budgets close to balance or in surplus".David Walton, an economist at Goldman Sachs, says that the pact aims at the wrong thing.
To control confounding, we first assembled cohorts by matching and then controlled for remaining imbalances by using propensity scores weighting.
Multivariate adjustment was conducted on the propensity score-matched sample to increase estimating efficiency and to control any remaining imbalances in observed covariates that affected the outcome estimates.
To further adjust for the remaining imbalances between the raloxifene and alendronate cohort, we obtained the hazard ratios for vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in 6 separate observation periods.
The highest standardized differences were COPD at 7.29, comprehensive insurance at 7.39, and pre-period outpatient costs with standardized differences above 10; multivariate models were used to control for these remaining imbalances.
The clinical significance of remaining imbalances was assessed by examining the functional content of the region of imbalance, referencing known benign and pathogenic CNVs (ISCA, DECPIHER, OMIM) and an internal clinical database of previously tested individuals (Moka).
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In further analyses we included the matching variables as controls in the regression models to adjust for the remaining imbalance in the matched samples.
This might largely address residual confounding arising from the remaining imbalance in these included covariates.
We used linear regression to adjust for any remaining imbalance and to predict postoperative quality of life by prosthesis type for each subgroup (for men and women aged 60, 70, and 80).
The extent of remaining imbalance and heterogeneity between the study groups was assessed using the L1 metric, a nonparametric measure generated in CEM that quantifies inter-group imbalance by comparing relative frequencies of the two groups across each of the strata [ 17].
Any variables that remained imbalanced between the treatment groups were included as covariates in a final logistic regression model.
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