The research design uses quinquennial census data to compare core beneficiary relocation patterns with those of non-beneficiaries before and after the cuts to welfare benefits in the Wellington region of New Zealand in 1991.
Interestingly, both types of relocation patterns (i.e., [X → A] and [A i → A j]), contribute with the same intensity to the differences in expression between parental and duplicated genes during sperm development (supplementary fig. 3, Supplementary Material online).
This trend holds true and is of equal intensity regardless of the relocation patterns (i.e., [X → A] and [A i → A j]).
Interestingly, Meisel et al. (2009) also did not find differences between the proportions of testis-expressed genes between these relocation patterns when the whole nuclear gene set was analyzed (table 1).
We further explored whether the expression and relocation patterns described in the previous sections are correlated.
Furthermore, relocated genes achieve similar and extremely high (see previous section) levels of expression regardless of the relocation pattern (supplementary fig. 2, Supplementary Material online).
Briefly, we computed the probability of each retrotransposition or relocation pattern under the null hypothesis that all insertions occur randomly via simulation.
To test whether departures from the expected frequencies [X → A], [A → X], and [A i → A j] exist for the original relocation pattern, we first analyzed the chromosome distribution of the single copy and parental genes altogether.
All of these studies concluded that selective forces might be operating across the whole Drosophila genome, which would favor the [X → A] relocation pattern (see table 1).
We analyzed the relocation pattern in each Drosophila species genome to infer the ancestral gene locations and original relocation pattern (see Materials and Methods and supplementary table 1, Supplementary Material online).
