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The research design uses quinquennial census data to compare core beneficiary relocation patterns with those of non-beneficiaries before and after the cuts to welfare benefits in the Wellington region of New Zealand in 1991.
We further explored whether the expression and relocation patterns described in the previous sections are correlated.
This trend holds true and is of equal intensity regardless of the relocation patterns (i.e., [X → A] and [A i → A j]).
Interestingly, both types of relocation patterns (i.e., [X → A] and [A i → A j]), contribute with the same intensity to the differences in expression between parental and duplicated genes during sperm development (supplementary fig. 3, Supplementary Material online).
Interestingly, Meisel et al. (2009) also did not find differences between the proportions of testis-expressed genes between these relocation patterns when the whole nuclear gene set was analyzed (table 1).
Once we assigned the relocation pattern for the orthologous genes in every species, we further established the original relocation pattern for a gene family (supplementary table 2, Supplementary Material online), which was inferred by applying the maximum parsimony principle to the relocation patterns of the single species.
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We analyzed the relocation pattern in each Drosophila species genome to infer the ancestral gene locations and original relocation pattern (see Materials and Methods and supplementary table 1, Supplementary Material online).
We also looked for changes in gene expression and potential associations with the relocation pattern in other Drosophila species.
As described above for D. melanogaster, we looked for changes in the expression pattern between parental and duplicated genes associated with their relocation pattern in other Drosophila species.
Furthermore, relocated genes achieve similar and extremely high (see previous section) levels of expression regardless of the relocation pattern (supplementary fig. 2, Supplementary Material online).
Briefly, we computed the probability of each retrotransposition or relocation pattern under the null hypothesis that all insertions occur randomly via simulation.
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