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Mr. Yazdi was an adviser to Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the moving force behind the ouster of the shah, the larger-than-life cleric who forged a nation that sought to merge religious governance and republican ideals.
In ensuing decades, no European state would fight to affect the religious governance of another state, this in stark contrast to the previous 130 years, when wars of religion sundered Europe.
The last two cases illustrate, in two distinctive manners, Bowen and his colleagues' assumption that specific institutional settings influence the reading and possible accommodation of national ideologies, whereas the first case rather fits an understanding of religious governance as strongly affected and guided by national ideologies of state-church relations.
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The new constitution created a religious government based on Khomeini's vision of velāyat-e faqīh (Persian: "governance of the jurist") and gave sweeping powers to the rahbar, or leader; the first rahbar was Khomeini himself.
Poll after poll has confirmed that the overwhelming majority of the population wants non-religious, democratic governance that enforces the rule of law.
When it comes to public governance religious dogma must be set aside".
By Friday evening, however, Mr Dolan and his colleagues had revised their opinion: "…today's proposal continues to involve needless government intrusion in the internal governance of religious institutions, and to threaten government coercion of religious people and groups to violate their most deeply held convictions".On first glance, it seems that Mr Obama's accommodation had little effect.
For sure, Africa has many other tribal and religious divides that make governance very difficult.
George W. has integrated religious strains into his governance more than any President since Woodrow Wilson, if not earlier.
The most famous were his 1970 lectures giving the blueprint of his Islamic state, the velayet-e faqih, or governance by religious jurist.
In the years since his election, in March of 2013, Francis has developed a reputation within the Vatican for toughness, moving to promote financial transparency and good governance among religious officials.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com