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All physiologic items showed little variability and their reliability was low.
Combined test-retest and inter-rater reliability was low for all scales.
However, the test-retest reliability was low in most language versions.
However, we were not able to employ strategies to overcome observed DIF and reliability was low.
Reported reliability was low for the four systems studied, with some common factors behind each.
For the goniometer, the intra-examiner reliability was excellent (>0.80), while the inter-examiner reliability was low (0.375 and 0.475).
Similar(47)
Reliability was lowest for the hippocampus; reliability was the highest for the caudate, putamen, and thalamus.
Internal reliability was lowest for work-life interface (0.57 0.66) and highest for education (0.88 0.92).
Reliability was lowest for heart disease (κ 0.53) but had excellent observed agreement (96.8%) which would be due to the low prevalence of the condition (3.9% and 3.2%).
Most studies have, however, found that even with reliable OSCE stations, the intra-item across case reliability is low [ 4, 6, 7].
But they say that is because the costs of shipping by rail are high -- $500 a container in some instances -- and the reliability is low.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com