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Although previous studies on soil nematodes, which comprise some of the most relevant soil herbivores, highlighted the relevance of plant identity effects rather than that of plant diversity [26], [76], a recent long-term study showed that effects of particular species vary in time [26].
Further experiments will be necessary to determine (1) the mode of action of the nanoparticles, (2) the important parameters causing the effect (e.g., relevant soil parameters), and (3) the environmental relevance of continuous earthworm reproduction we observed under laboratory conditions.
Enchytraeids are ecologically relevant soil species and are commonly used in standardized toxicity tests.
Furthermore, relevant soil properties are not easily obtainable in the field.
Most methods are only proxies for relevant soil properties and soil types.
A quantitative description is mostly limited by the unknown complexity of hydraulically relevant soil and sediment structures.
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We incorporate all relevant soil-environmental variables, including a feedback loop, into a single model.
The ecologically relevant soil-living worm Enchytraeus crypticus (Annelida; Oligochaeta; Enchytraeidae) has been widely used as model species in soil ecotoxicology for over two decades, both under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines [ 1- 4].
According to land-use classification by remote sensing, bare soils are mainly located on dry river bottoms and therefore are not relevant for soil erosion.
We assume that nano-sized PS particles might be environmentally relevant to soil microbes and the processes they are involved in.
According to Riecken et al. [33, 36], 21 of 44 basic habitat types can be assumed as relevant for soil organism diversity [6].
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