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The relevant appraisals are summarized in Fig. 7.
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The remaining papers were appraised using relevant appraisal checklists for the type of study under consideration, following which 16 papers were excluded.
Our study provides a relevant appraisal of the use and the diagnostic efficiency of LP in an EMD setting.
Guided by an existing quality appraisal framework that used a modified version of the CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) qualitative checklist, [ 38] a relevant quality appraisal tool was created by the authors and tailored to meet the aims of the meta synthesis (Appendix 1).
The quality of all the included studies was assessed using a modified version of the Hamilton quality assessment tool (web table B). 12 Models that assessed economic impact were appraised with additional questions recommended by experts, because no relevant critical appraisal framework could be identified (web table C).
For the RSA studies, we modified the AQUILA score by removing items that were not considered relevant for appraisal of early migration: long-term follow-up and revision assessment.
The quality of included studies was assessed using the relevant CASP appraisal tools.
Studies were assessed using key quality criteria derived from relevant critical appraisal checklists for qualitative studies[ 20] and other systematic reviews of people's views[ 1, 2].
A total of 14 relevant guideline appraisal instruments were retrieved by the search process (see Additional file 1), which are described in Table 1.
> -wrap-foot> Fourteen peer-reviewed articles presenting empirical data were assessed by three researchers using the relevant Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklists to assess the methods and whether biases and confounders had been appropriately adjusted for.
Comparison with a control group of some nature was necessary for inclusion, and although most of the identified studies did consist of randomised or cluster randomised control trials, other designs were not excluded, and the relevant quality appraisal criteria for the different designs were used as appropriate (table 1).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com