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Interestingly, the possible impact of gene duplications is usually not addressed in theoretical work on host-parasite coevolution, even though such duplications are known to be common in almost all organisms [ 54- 56] and often affect genes of relevance for the interaction such as virulence genes in parasites [ 57, 58] or immunity genes in animal hosts [ 54, 59, 60].
This result explains the similar outcomes of HDAC inhibition and BMP with respect to astrogliogenesis, and the microarray profiling also suggests new pathways, for example Wnt signaling, which may be of further relevance for the interaction between these two developmentally-crucial protein families.
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Our systems level approach, which combined experimental results with theoretical modeling, unveils the relevance of the interaction scheme for the CS and offers quantitative predictions for several scenarios (WT vs. mutants in PKA-RN genes and growth at optimal temperature vs. heat shock).
For known proteins, the potential biological relevance of the interaction is the most important criteria.
The interaction-based HI procedure also involves an analysis of the weight-of-the-evidence related to the nature of the chemical interactions, the plausibility that interactions will occur, and the relevance of the interactions for human health (U.S. EPA 2000).
Future experiments with the mutant viruses lacking nsp2, nsp8 or ORF9b will show the relevance of the interactions detected for virus replication, growth and pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo model systems.
To ensure utmost biological relevance for the 1,015 interactions, tissue specificity filtering was adopted (see Methods section).
Moreover, BiFC preserves the biological relevance of the interactions detected, since this technique seeks for interactions in plant rather than detect heterologous expression of proteins in yeast cells.
Few proteins and glycoconjugates have been identified so far in the S. schenckii cell wall and their relevance for the host-fungus interaction and stimulation of the host immune system was reinforced by recent studies [ 19, 20].
Such mechanisms could indeed be of relevance in the interaction with S. marcescens, for which at least one toxin (hemolysin ShlA) was previously suggested to contribute to pathogenesis in C. elegans [ 22].
This is of particular relevance for their interaction with the nervous system: silica NPs are good candidates for nanoneuromedicine applications.
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