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More likely, they are secondary to the effects on sodium channels, since most neurotransmitters are released secondary to increased sodium entry (reviewed in [ 76]).
An aliquot (50 μL) of the released secondary T7 phages was captured on a 20 nm Anodisc filter (Whatman) using a gentle vacuum suction.
The rapidity of the endothelial response in our experiments supports the likelihood of such longitudinal capillary deformation, indicating that these endothelial cells are indeed responding directly to stretch rather than a released secondary mediator.
Additionally, soluble levels of the antithrombotic endothelial protein C receptor, which is released secondary to inflammatory activation of metalloproteinases, are increased in SLE and correlate with the presence of carotid plaque [ 25].
Although these data confirm the involvement of the Gq/PLC signaling pathway in platelet aggregation stimulated by NK1 agonists, they do not demonstrate direct coupling of the NK1 receptor to Gq since EKA/B-mediated aggregation is dependent on released secondary agonists.
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Therefore, motion on linear surface ruptures is likely to release secondary stress caused by the main fault system and/or the strong seismic motion.
During bacterial infection, certain bacterial species can release secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) or cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) to act as PAMP to trigger host type I interferon innate immune response (Hengge, 2009).
Two possible mechanisms for increased BNP production in the hypothalamus have been advanced: release secondary to humoral or paracrine signals, and a response to hypoxia due to vasospasm.
The principle of ToF-SIMS is that primary ions hit the sample surface, releasing secondary ions from the surface, that were collected by an analyzer for producing single mass spectra and mass images of the sample surface [ 14].
Recent studies investigating double-stranded cytosolic DNA sensor(s) have highlighted new mechanisms in which cytosolic DNA may release secondary metabolites, which are in turn recognized by a novel DNA sensing machinery.
And although various options for the release of genomics data were discussed, researchers came to the view that data should not be released for secondary research use without prior vetting of secondary users and their proposed projects.
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