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The resulting immature virion is then transported into the trans-Golgi network, subjected to a maturation process and finally released from the host cell by exocytosis.
Enveloped viruses (e.g., HIV) typically are released from the host cell by budding.
In viruses such as HIV, this modification (sometimes called maturation) occurs after the virus has been released from the host cell.
Release - Viruses can be released from the host cell by lysis, a process that kills the cell by bursting its membrane and cell wall if present: This is a feature of many bacterial and some animal viruses.
ASMase was released from the host cells when exposing to P. acnes (Figure 3A).
Recent studies by Hagedorn et al. [4] showed that Mycobacteria are released from the host cell by an actin-based ejectosome.
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Humans become infected by ingesting cysts (from undercooked meat/viscera), or oocysts released from the definitive host (the domestic cat) that contaminate food, water or the environment.
Whether EVs are released from the infected host or infectious agent, information from the analysis of EVs may facilitate their use as biomarkers for diagnosis.
This sterile inflammation induced by endogenous danger signals released from the inflamed host tissue is thought to lead to the pathological joint destruction associated with RA.
Dynamic changes to cell surface components and proteins released from the pathogen into the host cell environment can play important roles in host-pathogen interactions.
The ability of biofilms to delay wound healing is well characterized and has been shown, in part, to be a direct effect of soluble bacterial products released from the biofilm on host cells [ 27, 39, 40].
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