TH expression in PGCs depends on glutamate release by olfactory receptor terminals [40], and reduced synaptic activity following olfactory deprivation is responsible for TH down-regulation [26].
This trade-off between stability and the specificity of memory may well explain the consequence of the prolonged dopamine release without olfactory stimulation in early consolidation.
Odorant binding and recognition leads to activation and release of the olfactory G-protein Golf, which triggers cyclic-AMP production, ion-channel-mediated Ca2+ influx, and finally the firing of an action potential into the olfactory bulb to be interpreted by the brain [10].
We also used cell-specific RNAi knockdown experiments to further support our conclusions that (1) AWA primary olfactory neurons release acetylcholine and that (2) AWC olfactory neurons release INS-1 to recruit secondary neurons in the olfactory circuit.
Primary olfactory neurons release neuropeptides and classical neurotransmitters to recruit secondary neurons into the BZ circuit.
For example, Tyler and colleagues [ 20], using whole-cell voltage-clamp, showed that two weeks of UNO in rats, beginning on the second postnatal day, increases the probability and quantal content of neurotransmitter release at ipsilateral primary olfactory synapses in the bulb.
We rephrased our statements about the effects of primary olfactory neuron released insulin-like peptides and acetylcholine in the Abstract and in the section headings to better describe our results.
Anemonefish recruits also respond to olfactory cues released from anemones, enabling them to locate a suitable host for settlement once they have navigated to reef habitat at the end of their pelagic larval stage (Arvedlund and Nielsen, 1996).
In this case, another part of the brain would gate the PER release as a function of olfactory information (according to the timing, the presence of an odor would switch the system to PER repression in olfactory interference or to PER release after olfactory conditioning).
Non-synaptic sources of GABA, including the reversal of GABA transporters (GATs; Wu et al., 2001, 2003, 2007), have been implicated in other brain regions and, in the olfactory bulb, astrocytes release GABA, probably via a volume-regulated anion channel mechanism (Kozlov et al., 2006).
