This phenomenon has been attributed to a release from constraints on form and function driven by the high ratio of O2 supply to metabolic demand for these organisms [37], [38]; [ but see 39].
The hypothesis posits that a number of innovations to the vascular system provided the release from constraints which allowed the implementation of an AIS.
These innovations provided the evolutionary release from constraints that allowed the implementation of an AIS: whereas adipocytes buffer against the sudden metabolic demand associated with the activation of an AIS, vascular innovations decreased the cost of mobilising an antibody-based immune response and augmented the performance of an AIS (e.g., promoting affinity maturation).
Also, since it is argued that the closed vascular system provided the release from constraint, a number of vascular innovations must have preceded the advent of an AIS.
When constructing the LRTs, the null hypothesis fixes ω2 = 1, allowing sites to evolve under the negative selection of the background lineages being released from constraint, and to evolve neutrally on the foreground lineage.
When constructing the LRTs, the null hypothesis fixes ω2 = 1, allowing sites evolving under negative selection in the background lineages to be released from constraint and to evolve neutrally on the foreground lineage; the alternative hypothesis constrains ω2 ≥ 1 [ 64].
His father, Auberon, enjoined upon him a certain anarchic stoicism, obviously derived from his own father, about the vicious floggings that both endured at their monastic schools: "The monks enjoyed whipping boys as a release from the constraints of their celibacy, and my father, throughout his life, always claimed that to be beaten was a small sacrifice for a boy and a great treat for a monk".
Similar processes and timescales relating to ecological opportunity and release from competitive constraints have been proposed to explain the significant morphological disparification and lineage diversification evident in Australasian ariid catfishes following a similar fresh water invasion [ 100].
for me the essence of liminality is to be found in its release from normal constraints, making possible the deconstruction of the "uninteresting" constructions of common sense, the "meaningfulness of ordinary life".
A fluctuating environment may reveal pleiotropic constraints from the fluctuating selection of alternative adaptive phenotypes in each environment, but may in contrast also allow a temporal release from epistatic constraints experienced in the presence of a single antibiotic where an allele may be 'stuck' on a local fitness peak (Weinreich et al. 2006; Salverda et al. 2011; Schenk et al. 2013).
Where the homology is the result of speciation so that the history of the gene reflects the history of the species…the genes should be called orthologous (ortho = exact).' Duplication events provide a release from evolutionary constraints, allowing genes to explore novel functions [ 28].
