In the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, an ancient and diverse group of plant symbionts, ancient asexuality was indicated by the relaxation of concerted evolution acting upon multi-copy ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes [ 13, 14].
Molecular evidence supporting asexuality in Nosema has been provided by variable rRNA gene sequences amplified from single spores of N. bombi [ 15], indicating relaxation of concerted evolution, a finding similar to that supporting asexuality in the AM fungi [ 13].
Wang Jinrong et al. [15] studied optimal relaxed controls and relaxation of nonlinear fractional impulsive evolution equations.
The dependence of shear modulus on dynamic relaxation and evolution of local structural heterogeneity in a metallic glass.
The high dynamic range in our simulation allows us to track the relaxation and evolution of star clusters for up to 0.5 Gyrs, and to potentially identify some long-lasting star clusters as candidates for present-day metal-poor GCs.
In the framework of viscoplastic theory many different laws were developed, accounting for material behaviors like creep, relaxation or evolution of overstresses.
We study various stages of evolution and relaxation of 100 200 keV collision cascades, and identify reversible elastic and irreversible inelastic structural changes.
Generally, functional redundancy leads to the generation of new functions through relaxation of selective pressure in evolution, as exemplified by duplicated genes.
Overall, these results suggest that the cetacean Hr gene has experienced a significant relaxation of selection during its evolution from terrestrial mammals and subsequent lineage diversification.
Together, these observations indicate that initial relaxation of selection, or adaptive evolution, after duplication is limited to one of the paralogs, and that the slower-evolving paralog is more constrained by its ancestral function [ 11, 22].
