Although some small networks, such as certain metabolic networks in bacteria or yeast, are relatively well characterized, more-complex networks, such as developmental networks, remain only partially understood.
While the bacterial factors involved in Agrobacterium infection have been relatively well characterized, studies of their host cellular partners are just beginning.
Pharmaceutical agents are widely applied for the treatment of gastrointestinal (and systemic) disorders and their role as modulators of host cell responses is relatively well characterized.
Dysregulated mineral metabolism, including derangements in calcium and phosphate levels, is relatively well characterized in CKD, and correction of hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiency, and hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients is standard-of-care [11 13].
Although upstream regulators of mTOR, at least for mTORC1, are relatively well characterized, astonishingly few direct substrates and downstream effectors of the mTORCs are known.
For these reasons Neu mice offer a relatively well characterized system in which to determine how important negative growth signalling is in opposing mammary cancer formation.
In addition, the presence of checkpoints at meiosis and/or after DNA damage is still under debate in plants, although the cell cycle is relatively well characterized [51].
Although BAL 31 activity with duplex DNA is relatively well characterized [2], [3], there appear to be no detailed reports of studies examining how the BAL 31 enzyme interacts with short single stranded linear polymers of DNA containing homopolymeric tracts.
