In the last comprehensive review [28], the most common effect of combined pathogen-herbivore attack on plant performance was sub-additive, with additive effects being next most common, and synergistic and antagonistic effects being relatively rare.
In many food webs, plant nodes are highly aggregated, resulting in a significantly higher fraction of the antagonistic networks have relatively few plant taxa (19 of 47 antagonistic networks have SP<10; 7 of 51 mutualistic networks have SP<10, 2-tailed p = 0.0032 Fisher's exact test).
The production went relatively smoothly except for the unrelentingly antagonistic relationship that developed between Reeves and Price.
Relatedness may even influence survival if antagonistic behaviours are aimed at relatively unrelated individuals, as in the extreme cases when individuals preferentially kill and eat less related members of the same species [13], [14].
Although the antagonistic effect of SU HW) appears relatively modest at individual loci, the large numbers of SU HW) sites in many LADs may together modulate chromosome organization to a significant degree.
As a result, optimal strategies for an antagonistic lifestyle may tend towards relatively high accumulation of antibiotic inhibitory phenotypes (super-killers), as observed here.
However, consistent with this result, it is becoming increasingly clear that sexually antagonistic alleles, though charismatic, are relatively rare (Innocenti and Morrow 2010; Sharp and Agrawal 2013), even on the X (Mallet et al. 2011).
In contrast, the widely used atypical antipsychotic clozapine has a relatively poor affinity to D2 receptors, but exerts also antagonistic effects at histamine receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, α-adrenoceptors and serotonin receptors [3], [4].
A relatively limited number of reports exist on the presence of antagonistic activity amongst cow dung microorganisms and antimicrobial activity of cow dung as a whole.
Instead of an increase, there was a nonsignificant decrease in the luciferase activity in most of the organs at relatively low doses of CdCl2 (5 μg/kg BW), which could reflect a weak antagonistic response.
The RMS ratio of antagonistic to agonist muscle activity increased with the increase of velocity, suggesting that antagonist exhibited relatively higher activation at higher velocity.
