We characterize the relationships of populations of the foothill yellow-legged frog, Rana boylii, a declining, "sentinel" species for stream ecosystems throughout its range in California and Oregon.
In Figure 2A, an neighbour-joining (N-J) tree built from DA matrices reveals the relationships of populations in the full-loci dataset.
As has been seen in previous phylogenetic, factor decomposition, and clustering analyses, the genetic relationships of populations shows a strong correlation with their linguistic affiliations.
To investigate the genetic relationships of populations in a phylogenetic way, DA distances averaged over all loci were deployed to reconstruct a neighbor-joining (N-J) tree [34] with the DISPAN program [39].
As migration is the basic source of ethnic formation and differentiation [2], investigations of genetic relationships of populations resulting from migration are of enormous help in understanding the history of ethnic differentiation and today's high-degree ethnic diversity in China.
DNA sequences have often been used to investigate the evolutionary relationships of populations and species [ 1].
The relatively shallow population structure was also supported by the mixed clustering relationships of populations (data not shown) and again reflects the large, contiguous distribution of this species in the past.
Assessing large-scale relationships of populations should elucidate the importance of range expansions and contractions in producing the current distribution patterns of species, as well as generate hypotheses regarding the genetic structure and diversity of temperate tree lineages affected by glaciation in the latter part of the Cenozoic.
While these and other nuclear genes used in the above-cited papers for Cypriniformes clearly display a reduced phylogenetic signal and are more limited in phylogenetic resolution for relationships of populations and species, they are essential for resolution of deeper nodes.
(5) The relationship of population growth rates to killing rates suggest that a proposed 2.5-fold increase in wolf harvest for 2010 is likely to reduce population size by a greater amount than management policy statements for Montana have stated.
For this reason, we examined the relationship of population trend to CLIM, both on its own and against the background of these potentially confounding variables, using model averaging [25].
