Another clause/sentence is often needed to explain that relationship, implying causation.
Note that while we have focused on the (CMC) in the present article, because it articulates a relationship between causation and probabilities, its role in the causal modeling techniques developed by SGS and Pearl is often over-estimated.
Waters deliberately goes beyond the question of reductionism or anti-reductionism that has structured so much philosophical work on modern biology, especially on genetics and molecular biology over the past decades, and ties it into the philosophical literature on the relationship between causation and manipulability that has more recently gained in prominence (Waters 2007).
Our PECARN safety work group has continued to work to understand and improve patient safety, including seeking to understand the important relationship to causation.
Cross-sectional studies of cognition in HF have value in quantifying the burden of prevalent disease but give no clues as to temporal relationship or causation.
Firstly, this is a cross-sectional study; the correlations cannot imply the causation relationships between parameters and low BMD.
It is also possible that the observed relationships reflect reverse causation or are due to measurement error.
Differences in mode of action, toxicokinetics, non-linear relationships and reverse causation might explain these discrepancies [ 36].
Correlations are not causations, but well-established correlations provide guidance for future experimental work, and only the latter can unambiguously establish causation relationships.
There is a forthcoming special issue of Synthese dedicated to examining the relationship between structuralism and causation.
However, this observed relationship does not imply causation, and functional differences may also be explained by other physiological factors such as reduced anatomical connectivity arising from atrophy of white matter tracts.
