Molecular similarity refers to the relation between pairs of molecules, whereas molecular diversity is based on pair-wise relations of a population of molecules (e.g. a compound collection).
In one direction, ignoring the heterogeneity between cell subpopulations will lead to inferring a meaningless average topology of statistical relations of the population as a whole.
Many of these studies used the classic Mammography Problem with visualizations portraying the problem structure, the quantities involved, or the nested-set relations of the populations involved.
This method can be adapted to suit many other archaeological artefacts, providing information about the material, social and cultural relations of ancient populations.
Several studies have tested the performance of different genetic distance measures in resolving the evolutionary relations of closely related populations or species from microsatellite data [ 82, 83].
In this article, we examine the emergence of the funerary mound and enclosure complexes of the southern Brazilian highlands during the last 1000 years in relation to processes of population expansion, contact, conflict and the establishment of frontiers.
Consequently, (sympatric or parapatric) speciation can be initiated only at loci which show no associations with loci that exhibit high degrees of genetic coherence, and each of the speciating subpopulations inherits the genetic coherence relations of the base population.
The indicators considered (i) the total area of GS in relation to population and urban context, (ii) the quality of GS based on its size, shape and vegetation cover, and (iii) the spatial distribution and accessibility of GS.
Number of pledges in relation to population and wealth.
It highlights the geographical location of services in relation to population in need [ 12, 13].
