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Hence, if language cortex alone supported relational word processing, all patients should have yielded normal results.
For subliminal relational encoding, we computed first-level contrast images of relational word encoding versus encoding pairs of consonant strings (baseline).
> -wrap-foot> Although voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed spared hippocampal tissue in several patients, this tissue needs intact functional connections to lateral temporal cortex, which harbours lexical semantic information (Patterson et al., 2007), to enable semantic relational word encoding.
The three well performing patients' brain activity was compared between relational word encoding (first encoding trial) and the processing of pairs of consonant strings (baseline) using a fixed-effects model suited for small sample sizes.
Both patients and controls exhibited additional signal enhancement to relational word encoding in bilateral parahippocampal gyrus and areas mediating semantic processing (Patterson et al., 2007; Binder et al., 2009) in the left hemisphere, namely the superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus, superior and middle temporal gyrus, and cingulate gyrus.
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In other words, it is relational intelligence.
An equal performance was expected between groups regarding the processing of single nouns because a rigid, non-relational single word representation should suffice this task.
We tested for the stochastic independence of unconscious relational and single word encoding/retrieval by computing two regression analyses.
Furthermore, relational and single word retrieval were not correlated (Fig. 3C), which would be expected if both tasks relied on neocortical language sites alone.
In other words, economic remittances perform a transnational relational work (Zelizer, 2005, 2012): these economic transactions reaffirm and strengthen relationships, in spite of the distance.
Participants turned to gesture when they had difficulty putting complex relational ideas into words.
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