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In this case, the random selection chooses samples that improve the results, while the statistical methods choose samples that obtain a small improvement in relation to the random one.
The evolved phenotypic changes in the small-selected fish were overall relatively subtle and often statistically nonsignificant in relation to the random fish, but they were accompanied by genetic changes and large population dynamical effects.
The between-swarm variation in male body size (Nswarms = 10, Nmales = 491) was examined in relation to the random effects of date and swarm (within date) as well as the fixed effect of swarm "phase" (early, middle, or late; see Methods).
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The analysis by MAR-FINDER is based on the integration of the frequency of the motif in a defined sequence in relation to the probability of their random occurrence in the same sequence.
In estimation of gene expression patterns inferred from EST frequencies, which are the number of times the transcript of gene xi is observed in relation to the total number of random observations of all genes, (xi / ∑x), any ESTs from a single clone sequenced from both the 5' and 3' directions must be counted exactly once to avoid overestimation of the frequency of genes.
46 The precise approach will depend on the nature of the missing data: (i) missing completely at random, with no relation to the value of any other factors in the study population; (ii) missing at random, but correlated in an observable way with the mechanism that generates the outcome; and (iii) not missing at random, but dependent on unobserved variables.
There is a staggering array of them, and the order of their placement seems random in relation to the order of your needs.
Using this novel procedure, the feedback was meaningless and random in relation to the listeners' responses, but the amount of feedback provided (or lack thereof) affected learning.
The nucleotide sequences of these stop contexts show no bias with respect to RTP, because the contexts and the stop codons evolved independently, and therefore the context nucleotides are random in relation to the stop codon.
Alternatively there are occasions when the distance measured by the MDL overestimated the distance and mean speed in relation to the criterion, hence the presence of random error.
The AVE assesses the amount of variance captured by a common factor in relation to the amount of variance due to random measurement error [ 35].
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