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Those who believe identity can be one-many typically do so because they accept the controversial thesis that composition (the relation of parts to a whole they compose) should be understood as identity.
We have already considered relation, and under different views; but it was the relation of parts to parts, of the parts of an animal to other parts of the same animal, or of another individual of the same species.
Not surprisingly, the fit of organisms to their physical environments (e.g., wings for movement in air, fins in water) also provides evidence for design under Paley's view: We have already considered relation, and under different views; but it was the relation of parts to parts, of the parts of an animal to other parts of the same animal, or of another individual of the same species.
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The political system sketched in The Republic characterizes justice in terms of the relation of part and whole.
(It is important to note, however, his introduction of a functional notation for the analysis of the relation of part-concepts).
The metaphysical relation of part to whole, in contrast to that between effect and cause, might ground the sort of epistemically unmediated awareness of interest (cf. Nakayama et al. 1995, Bermúdez 2000, Noë 2004).
Kant's maintenance of this tension between the reciprocal causal relations of parts in an organism ("teleology") and the linear-mechanical causality justified within his critical philosophy was a way of splitting apart epistemological and metaphysical issues.
Proponents of theory reduction such as Nagel (1961) and Schaffner (1976) have replied that a molecular reduction can take the relations of parts and the context of molecular processes into account, e.g., by specifying the relevant context as initial conditions in the molecular premises from which the higher level state is to be deduced (Frost-Arnold 2004).
(The direction of flow of PoPS and the RiPS are derived from the relations of parts in the model).
In our study, an important variable represented in component 5 is the relation of harmonic parts of the call to chaotic parts of the call.
Yet Husserl's phenomenology presupposes theory about species and individuals (universals and particulars), relations of part and whole, and ideal meanings — all parts of ontology.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com