Used and loved by millions
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com
relation below
Grammar usage guide and real-world examplesUSAGE SUMMARY
The phrase "relation below" is not commonly used in written English and may be unclear without context.
It could be used when referring to a relationship or connection that is mentioned in a subsequent part of the text. Example: "Please refer to the relation below for further clarification on the topic discussed."
Science
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Human-verified examples from authoritative sources
Exact Expressions
13 human-written examples
The modulus decreases with increasing temperature following an Arrhenius relation below −6 °C with an apparent activation energy of about 0.2 eV.
It is clear that the relation below holds: | Δ | ≥ C | λ | 3 e | Im λ | μ + , λ ∈ G δ, C = cons.
Science
Saito et al. [8] derived the dispersion relation below using a nearest-neighbour tight binding analysis including the overlap integral s0.
Science
Using the relation below, the band gap of the thin film ITO layers can be obtained and the results are illustrated in Fig. 3.
As per the software recommendations, the number of nodes in the hidden layer (H) is decided by the relation below: H = 2 I + 1. Open image in new window (1).
According to Heigold et al. (1979), the values of K for a similar formation can be estimated using the relation below; K = 3.86.40R_{text{rw}}^{ -.93283} (3)where ( R_{text{rw}} ) is the resistivity of the aquifer.
Science
Human-verified similar examples from authoritative sources
Similar Expressions
47 human-written examples
The relations below are obvious s n ( x ) = 2 T n ( x ), t n + 1 ( x ) = U n ( x ).
Interpersonal networks were used to acquire information and resources when marketing, while social relations discussed below were used to obtain loans for SMEs or the households in the production chain dependent on the social network.
Using this general relation, we write equations specifically relating the patterned-excitation and enhanced-resolution components, We summarize the relations below:.
Science
The green dashed line is an unconformity (note angular relations below), implying recent sediment deposition of horizontal reflections.
Science
where K ¯ T is the monthly average daily clearness index which can be calculated using the general relation as below [10]: K ¯ T = H ¯ / H ¯ o. (20).
Expert writing Tips
Best practice
For improved clarity, specify what kind of "relation" you are referring to (e.g., 'mathematical relation', 'causal relation') to provide more context for the reader.
Common error
Avoid using "relation below" without clearly defining the nature of the relationship. Ensure the reader understands whether you mean a correlation, dependency, or other type of connection.
Source & Trust
80%
Authority and reliability
3.8/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested
Linguistic Context
The phrase "relation below" functions as a referential marker, directing the reader's attention to a subsequent part of the text where a relationship or connection is detailed. Ludwig indicates this phrase is acceptable.
Frequent in
Science
80%
News & Media
10%
Formal & Business
10%
Less common in
Encyclopedias
0%
Wiki
0%
Reference
0%
Ludwig's WRAP-UP
In summary, "relation below" is an acceptable phrase used to direct readers to a subsequent explanation of a relationship, most commonly within scientific or technical contexts. Ludwig indicates that the phrase is acceptable although it benefits from being more specific about the nature of the "relation". For improved clarity, specify the type of relationship (e.g., 'mathematical relation', 'causal relation'). While grammatically sound, it's crucial to ensure the context provides sufficient clarity regarding the nature of the relation to avoid vagueness. Alternatives like "following relation" or "connection below" can sometimes offer enhanced precision. The phrase appears uncommonly, primarily in academic and scientific publications.
More alternative expressions(10)
Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:
following relation
Changes the preposition to "following", emphasizing a sequential aspect.
relation described below
Specifies that the relationship is described, not just located, below.
relationship below
Substitutes "relation" with "relationship", a synonym with a slightly more personal connotation.
connection below
Replaces "relation" with "connection", highlighting an association between items.
correlation below
Uses "correlation" instead of "relation", suggesting a statistical link.
link below
Substitutes "relation" with "link", implying a direct association.
equation below
Uses equation instead of relation specifying with more clarity the relationship.
formula below
Substitutes "relation" with "formula", clarifying a mathematical connection.
dependency below
Replaces "relation" with "dependency", emphasizing that one item is conditioned by another.
association below
Uses "association" instead of "relation", suggesting a general connection.
FAQs
How can I use "relation below" in a sentence?
Use "relation below" to refer to a connection or dependency that will be explained in a subsequent part of your text. For instance, "See the "equation below" for the mathematical relationship between these variables."
What can I say instead of "relation below"?
You can use alternatives like "following relation", "connection below", or "relationship below" depending on the specific context.
Is it better to use "relation described below" or "relation below"?
"Relation described below" is more explicit and can enhance clarity, particularly if the nature of the relation isn't immediately obvious. "Relation below" is acceptable if the context is already clear.
What's the difference between "relation below" and "correlation below"?
"Relation below" is a general term for any kind of connection, while "correlation below" specifically refers to a statistical relationship between variables. Use "correlation below" when referring to a statistical link.
Editing plus AI, all in one place.
Stop switching between tools. Your AI writing partner for everything—polishing proposals, crafting emails, finding the right tone.
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Source & Trust
80%
Authority and reliability
3.8/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested