No studies within SLA have used individual difference variables to predict change in SE, but Bandura (1997) claims that the largest influence will be task related proficiency.
This indicates that Stroop performance is largely driven by executive control abilities, which are related to proficiency in a second language, with increasing proficiency leading to stronger L2 activation and increased language conflict, and therefore a greater need for cognitive control.
Anxiety was shown to be related to proficiency, yet only 3% of the variation in proficiency was explained by anxiety.
This shows that when we consider intended effort on its own, we can see that it is positively related to proficiency, yet when taken in the broader context of motivation and anxiety, intended effort can hinder proficiency.
A second mechanism is related to proficiency in English or French.
Depending on the definition of PD as specified in the particular model, aberrant response behavior may or may not be related to proficiency.
In both Levy et al. and in the current study, skills known to require activation of ventral extrastriate cortex (reading and object recognition, respectively) were found to be related to proficiency in a known dorsal stream task (detection of motion coherence).
This idea of "quality of living for a lifetime" is what I relate to proficiency.
Isaacs encouraged the woman to showcase task-related proficiencies and downplay her management experience.
Arguably, news language preference is related to language proficiency since some degree of comprehension is necessary to read or listen to news in a particular language.
Both intended effort and anxiety were negatively related to perceived proficiency, that is to say, when students were anxious, or had a strong sense of intended effort, their perceived proficiency decreased.
