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Thus, the bias from missing outcome data that may affect a meta-analysis is on two levels: non-publication due to lack of submission or rejection of study reports (a study level problem) and the selective non-reporting of outcomes within published studies on the basis of the results (an outcome level problem).
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The work of clarifying connections between injection wells and earthquakes has been left to people such as Keranan, who left Oklahoma shortly after the Oklahoma Geological Survey published a rejection of a study she had placed in geology, which linked the quakes to nearby disposal wells.
Not all of his beliefs were welcome to all Quakers: his Puritan-like opposition to the arts and rejection of theological study, forestalled development of these practices among Quakers for some time.
On the other hand, researchers and clinicians may show rejection of certain study procedures or techniques because of their lack of knowledge of this procedure or its implementation.
It was based on the widespread perception that such permission would be refused and that requesting it might either substantially delay ethics approval or lead to rejection of the study.
While the initial selection of studies was made using abstracts based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the final selection (and rejection of any studies) was made after reading the full text.
Arizona's new law (and the copycat laws that are springing up across the U.S ., Arizona's new policy of re-assigning of teachers who have accents, and the recent rejection of ethnic studies in public schools in both Arizona and Texas, are all signs that we are heading down a dangerous path.
The rejection of such studies has been raised as a major criticism of their conclusion that PCT cannot accurately distinguish sepsis from SIRS in critically ill patients [ 30].
Because it is now generally accepted that detection of bacteremia is not a prerequisite for making the clinical diagnosis of sepsis, the rejection of such studies has been raised as a major criticism of their conclusion that PCT cannot accurately distinguish sepsis from SIRS in critically ill patients 47.
A rejection of only one study due to the lack of reporting of data would constitute a double standard.
That's the background explanation behind the European Union's rejection of the Stump study, which set off alarm bells that led to the EFSA summer review of BPA.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com