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And it is here that these heads – these rejected individuals – are granted true personality.
Although the rejected individuals might find coverage in a state-run high-risk pool, premiums for that coverage and out-of-pocket expenses tend to be very high.
Rejected individuals may fail to mate at all, or have a lower threshold to accept mates that are almost as small as themselves [ 4].
Hence, if rejected individuals try repeatedly to gain entry, then nestmates should be able to gain entrance reasonably quickly, while non-nestmates (who have nearly no probability of acceptance per attempt) should not be able to gain entry at all.
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That analysis was based on a 1985 Supreme Court decision that rejected individual lawsuits by participants in defined benefit pension plans, the once-popular plans that promised a fixed retirement income.
Wakefield, Bradford, Leeds and Sheffield all rejected individual city mayors in referendums just two years ago.
The doorpickers acted as on-the-spot profilers, tasked with assessing, accepting, and rejecting individuals from a cast of thousands.
This model is in agreement with a recent study on nestmate recognition in a related Camponotus species, which showed that workers specifically reject individuals bearing odor cues that are novel to their own colony cuticular hydrocarbon profile, but do not reject those lacking one compound [29].
This also applies to clinical research where MMSE cut-points are commonly used to select or reject individuals from a study or treatment regimen.
The model was developed to test the hypothesis that increasing worker density within a nest leads to an increase in worker encounter rate which, in turn, should decrease the time required to recognize and reject individuals from a different colony.
Stigmatization manifests as discriminatory attitudes, stereotypes, labels and behaviour, which in devaluing, discrediting, marginalizing, disempowering or excluding and rejecting individuals, can produce harmful consequences (e.g., exacerbation of MHDs; unwillingness to seek help; withdrawal; feeling shame; self-blame or self-harm) [ 1, 2, 4- 6, 8- 20].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com