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These changes apparently cause less efficient reinforcement processes and deficient extinction of previously reinforced behavior [ 3- 5].
A dual-process model [ 2- 5] suggests that less efficient reinforcement processes and deficient extinction of previously reinforced behavior are fundamental to the problems described as response inhibition [ 6] and poor executive functions [ 7].
A dual-process theory [ 2- 5] suggests that less efficient reinforcement processes and deficient extinction of previously reinforced behavior may explain behavioral changes often described as response disinhibition [ 6] or poor executive functioning [ 7].
Having established the point of reinforcer equivalence, we reasoned that if the shock and DEET reinforcement processes were common, blocking some of the responsible dopamine neurons would equally impair shock and DEET learning and therefore not alter equivalence.
On the other hand, central histamine counteracts reward and reinforcement processes mediated by the mesolimbic dopamine system.
Nevertheless, heavy drinkers did respond more strongly to the negatively valenced images and this supports the view that responses to negative emotional stimuli may play a part in the development of heavy drinking as a result of negative reinforcement processes.
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In that respect, using opioids can be seen as a response in a negative reinforcement process [ 6, 7] – it removes an aversive stimulus (psychological distress), reinforcing the response (increased tendency to use opioids).
The interface between the particles and the adhesive is also a key factor in the reinforcement process [18].
The field of systems engineering teaches us that the way to halt a vicious cycle is to intervene somehow in the reinforcement process.
This reinforcement process has been described as the body re-setting itself in a way that the world is experienced as a dangerous place (van der Kolk 2014).
They justified the improvement in the mechanical properties by higher fibre volume fraction due to compaction of the 3D woven/stitched composites during the through-thickness reinforcement process.
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