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For aversive conditioning, one second of electric shock (AC 60 V) was applied 12 times in 60 s during CS+ (CS paired with reinforcement) presentation.
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The light stayed lit for as long as the lever was associated with reinforcement, but was turned off during reinforcer presentation.
In this presentation, a reinforcement learning program is supported by this mechanism.
Procedurally, reinforcement refers to the presentation of a rewarding event following a response, which results in the phenomenon of an increased probability of that action re-occurring.
Licking at a steel tube providing 2.5 µl of water reinforcement in response to presentation of the S+ served as the operant response.
Within 5 min after shaking, both groups were tested with all five stimuli without reinforcement; the order of presentation was randomized across subjects.
Stimulus presentation and reinforcement contingencies for all chambers were controlled, and data recorded, by a customized PC (supplied by Quadvision Ltd ,Dorset, UK) located in an adjacent laboratory area, with software written in Visual Basic using the Whisker control system (Cardinal and Aitken 2010).
Expression of the previously learned fear (freezing, change of heart rate, and breathing) can be reduced by repeated CS presentations without reinforcement.
In order to establish the appropriate timing of lever presses in relation to the presentation of the reinforcement, we defined the performance index (PI) illustrated in Fig. 4B.
A correct choice was followed by reinforcement with herring and the presentation of the black background.
The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of three item presentation methods during noncontingent reinforcement (NCR).
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