The highest ultimate load capacities were oberved from the tests of glue laminated beams manufactured using five laminated layers and retrofitted with polyurethane glue using steel wire reinforcement nets, in the direction normal to the lamination surface.
The material properties of the GRCs are temperature-dependent and the functionally graded (FG) materials concept is adopted which allows a piece-wise variation of the volume fraction of graphene reinforcement in the thickness direction of the shell.
The cross sectional area of the web mesh reinforcement in the vertical direction within a length equal to (d).
Consequently, these major cracks are shown to form when the contribution of the reinforcement in the x-direction to resist shear stresses is equal to that of the reinforcement in the y-direction.
The volume average method (VAM) usually used for fiber-reinforced composites with reinforcements in the thickness direction was applied in this nanocomposite system.
(5), (6), and (7) for the minimum reinforcements in the vertical/horizontal direction.
The remarkable mechanical performance of biological materials such as bone, nacre, and spider silk stems from their staggered microstructure in which stiff and strong reinforcements are elongated in the direction of loading, separated by softer interfaces, and shifted relative to each other.
From the literature review, only the tests performed by Low and Moehle (1987; two columns) and by Chang (2010a; two columns) refer to rectangular cross-sections with different dimensions and amount of longitudinal reinforcement in the two principal directions, leading to different characteristics in terms of stiffness and strength.
The forces at the centroid of the reinforcement, in both directions, have been obtained from equilibrium, and the steel area needed is computed by dividing these tension forces by the steel yield stress, fy.
In the RSOTM, it is shown that the effective transverse compression is not only dependent on the a/d ratio but also on the reinforcement ratio in the longitudinal direction as well as the size of the specimen.
