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The decrease in efficacy of reinforcement as a function of the time elapsing between a response and the reinforcer is called the delay-of-reinforcement gradient.
This paper describes a unique quantitative approach that combines information about root distribution and root mechanical data in order to calculate the spatial distribution of root reinforcement as a function of tree dimension and distance between 'Veronese' poplar trees.
Schwarz et al. (2010a) showed how root distribution is influenced by the forest structure and how it is possible to quantify root reinforcement as a function of forest structure (tree stem density and dimensions).
The calculated distribution of root reinforcement as a function of distance from tree stems of four stem diameters (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 m DBH) is shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 Maximum root reinforcement as a function of distance from tree stem for stems of different diameters (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 m DBH) calculated with the RBMw calibrated with the two datasets a = Gisborne (G), b = Palmerston North (PN).
(c) The number of observations of a repeated response divided by the number of opportunities for observing such a response gives the relative frequency with which a response is observed following reinforcement as a function of its proximity to reinforcement in the prior interval.
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In the paper, limit analysis was employed to derive a semi-analytical method for uniform c−ϕ slopes that provides the amount of reinforcement needed as a function of ground cohesion, tensile strength, angle of shearing resistance and of the slope inclination.
Finally, a three-dimensional force-balance approach was used to calculate the lateral root reinforcement needed for hillslope stabilisation as a function of slope inclination and mechanical properties of soil, as illustrated by Schwarz et al. (2010a).
Their tensile behaviour is studied as a function of reinforcement size and shape.
The effect on the vibration spectrum of the superposition of vibration from multiple axles is shown to lead to the reinforcement or suppression of some frequencies as a function of axle spacing and speed.
The tensile behaviour of composites produced by infiltrating ceramic particle beds with high purity (99.99%) Al is studied as a function of reinforcement size and chemistry (Al2O3 and B4C).
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