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For improving matrix reinforcement adhesion in composites, the surface of cellulose can be modified, either physically or chemically.
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The addition of the polysulfones increases the stiffness and toughness of the composites, attributed to an improved filler dispersion and stronger matrix-reinforcement interfacial adhesion.
Various cell types respond with simple reinforcements of adhesion and cytoskeletal structures upon substrate stiffening (Giannone et al., 2003; Krishnan et al., 2009).
Conversely, a soft matrix does not lead to focal adhesion reinforcement and cytoskeletal contractility; rather, it encourages cell rounding [ 22].
Radial actin-contacted Focal Adherens Junctions (FAJ) are formed rapidly upon calcium, in which Vinculin responds to force on the E-cadherin complex to induce force-dependent reinforcement of cell cell adhesion, resulting in accelerated barrier formation.
Increased stiffness of the surrounding ECM evokes a reinforcement of focal adhesions and increased RhoA-mediated actomyosin contraction, ultimately leading to cell protrusions, high-traction forces, and elongated cell shapes [ 21].
One appears to be the dependence of myosin-generated cytoskeletal forces on the sliding speed, which is governed by acto-myosin crossbridge cycling kinetics [ 41], and the other appears to be the stress-dependent reinforcement of focal adhesions, which may also be governed by a simple physical mechanism, namely the catch-bond kinetics reported for focal adhesion proteins [ 43].
System architecture includes such variables as thickness ratios, lateral dimensions and confinement, cover layers, reinforcement arrangement, dimensional tolerances, adhesion and surface treatments, sequencing or layering properties, and others.
As main outcome, the imposed temperature did not generate evident degradation of the GFRP reinforcement and of its adhesion to the concrete, while a reduction of the initial global stiffness was measured.
The surface energies of pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and MWCNTs functionalized with carboxylic acid (MWCNT-COOH), acyl chloride and ethyl amine were characterized, and the effects of the changes in MWCNT surface energies on the interfacial adhesion and reinforcement of the composites were explored.
Vinculin recruitment in turn contributes to a reinforcement of the focal adhesion complex to transduce higher load between the cells and the ECM [ 54].
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