However, because in our study these changes were observed during the injection of a combination of midazolam and sufentanil, we cannot determine whether sufentanil was, by itself, responsible for the decrease in vascular tonicity or only reinforced an effect started under midazolam.
Whereas oral methylphenidate penetrates the brain only slowly, peaking 60 90 min after administration, intravenous methylphenidate rapidly enters the brain, peaking in <15 min. The large and abrupt dopamine increase after intravenous administration is perceived as reinforcing, an effect that appears to be reduced when the increase in dopamine is slow and progressive (Volkow, 2006).
Moreover, DNA methylation, histone modification and RNA-mediated regulatory processes are intimately interconnected at a molecular level, and may regulate one another or interact synergistically to reinforce an environmental effect.
The problem is that not all platform businesses exhibit network effects that reinforce a market's winner-take-all tendency.
Other terminology in epidemiology, where students are told that inequality of relative risks across levels of a second factor should be seen as "effect modification," reinforces an uncritical acceptance of multiplicative joint effect as the biologically meaningful no-interaction null.
Therefore, the elongated morphology of HA whiskers enabled a reinforcing effect at a lower level of reinforcement compared to a conventional, equiaxed HA powder.
Obviously, while in the choice and the feeding assay both sugars lose their appetitive effect at high concentrations, the reinforcing effect shows an asymptotic dose effect function; notably, robust appetitive reinforcement is retained even at very high concentrations.
It turned out that the applied Kraft lignin is highly compatible with microbial PHBHV, and by exerting a reinforcing effect, acts as an active additive.
Inhibiting cyclin B1 function in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs could reinforce the antiproliferative effect in a subset of cancers.
And finally, one Democrat said, even if the White House was not behind the attacks, stories questioning Mr. Kerry's account of this central moment in his biography had the effect of reinforcing a main line of Republican attack -- that Mr. Kerry was not trustworthy.
But this is almost admitting that these loci are special, indirectly reinforcing a selectionist interpretation, whereby the effects of purifying and adaptive selection did interchangeably create opposite patterns of diversity.
