Like many steps the government has taken in this turbulent week, the guarantee plan smudges the lines along traditional regulatory borders, giving banking industry regulators an expanded and uncertain role in the mutual fund industry, which has been the purview of the Securities and Exchange Commission for more than 60 years.
Even then, as William Maley writes in his new book, What is a Refugee?, "Borders except as formalistic markers of jurisdiction typically did not register prominently in the thinking of princes, not least because until the advent of modern systems of regulatory bureaucracy, rigorous border control was simply beyond the capacity of rulers".
Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesman Vince Cable criticised cross-border regulatory systems which allowed Icesave to be relatively lightly regulated in the UK.
But shipping industry groups argue that before a switch to cleaner fuel can occur, there has to be a cross-border regulatory framework that forces all players to comply with the same requirements.
At the same time, a cross-border regulatory dispute over auditing procedures for Chinese companies listed in the United States escalated this month, when the S.E.C. charged the Chinese affiliates of the world's four biggest accounting companies with violating securities law for failing to turn over documents related to their auditing work on businesses in China.
Location boundaries are being blurred under globalization in the sciences and cross-border regulatory reviews.
But they can agree to a framework for how to establish usury limits that prevents lenders from cross-border regulatory arbitrage.
These comprise the results of global financial crisis in 2008 2009, the risk of protectionism, the tenacity of remaining behind-the-border regulatory barriers, the failure to conclude WTO multilateral trade negotiations, and corresponding exclusion of small- and medium-sized enterprises (Kawai and Wignaraja 2014).
The WTO and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) inaugurated the transition to so-called "next generation" trade issues--away from reducing tariffs, already historically low, and into contentious issues of cross-border regulatory convergence and global governance.
These 'behind-the-border' regulatory controls on government increasingly limits policy space and national sovereignty to regulate investors or introduce public health policies that investors consider in contravention to the trade agreement [ 24- 26].
