Recently, it was understood that quantitative (strength and duration of activities of the pathways) rather than qualitative (e.g. regulation of different pathways) differences between signaling pathways may largely account for dissimilar biological responses [11].
Neuromodulatory systems, including insulin and hormonal signaling, have further been implicated in the regulation of sex differences in motor activity, suggesting that such sex differences may be linked to broader differences in motivational state of males and females.
Four FXRα isoforms coded as FXRα1-4 have been described, which have identical DNA-binding domain but may differ in gene regulation because of differences in ligand-dependent recruitment of coactivator/corepressor proteins, heterodimer formation with RXR, or DNA binding.
The present study was designed to provide insight into the roles of dopamine and norepinephrine in VTA and GCt and their efferent striatal target, song control region area X, in the regulation of individual differences in the motivation to sing.
By so doing he includes the idea that a certain notion of power should be made responsible for the regulation of the differences in velocities of the planets, which in turn have to be established in relation to the planets' distances.
All these works show that the effects of COX-2 and related PGE2 in the regulation of apoptosis reflect differences in cellular responses.
It has been suggested that the main reasons for uncoupling of mRNA and protein abundances are protein regulation by post-translational modification, post-transcriptional regulation of protein synthesis, differences in the half-lives of mRNA and proteins, or possible functional requirement for protein binding [ 22].
Functional variants can occur at both genic and intergenic sites, with consequences that include both up- and down-regulation of expression, differences in the kinetics of response or altered specificity.
The amplitude of regulation (the difference between the maximum and minimum expression values across the cell cycle) was calculated for all genes and was found to be independent of sequencing coverage for genes with more than ∼300 reads (Fig. 2B).
Validation of developmental regulation was elucidative of differences among high Brix and low Brix populations.
