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Comparison of translation efficiencies for orthologous genes should uncover regulation divergence, and thus the differential functional importance of those genes in diverged species [ 14, 15].
Furthermore, the correlations between the GC difference and the regulation divergence, even significant, are weak.
These studies notwithstanding, the genetic basis of the gene regulation divergence underlying the evolution of yeast aerobic fermentation remains unclear.
Furthermore, genes that changed at both transcription and translation levels had significantly higher regulation divergence [represented as |log2 fold change)|] than those genes with changes in only transcription or translation (fig. 2 B).
Therefore, when compared to other inbreeding allopolyploid species, the level of expression divergence reported for tetraploid wheat and the diploid ancestor of the wheat D genome shows an acceleration of regulation divergence after the first polyploidization event.
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Co-regulation or divergence in expression between pairs of duplicated genes was assessed by computing the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) [ 32], which generates values ranging from -1 to 1. Values close to 0 indicate strong divergence in the pattern of gene expression of two paralogs, whereas positive values close to 1 indicate co-regulated patterns of gene expression.
We also compared regulation and sequence divergence for genes with more than one predicted ortholog.
Our findings support the idea that changes in gene regulation mediated through divergence in miRNA sequence and miRNA content can contribute to phenotypic novelty and adaptation to specific environments in contemporary populations, in addition to deep phylogenetic bursts of evolution.
At higher fold-changes, there are also more transcripts up-regulated in tail fragments compared to head fragments between 12 and 36 hours suggesting that tail fragments undergoes a more drastic expression regulation during the divergence than head fragments.
A numerical example serves to explain the regulations regarding aeroelastic divergence.
Therefore, we analyzed the influence of aPKCλ down-regulation on the divergence between these two lineages.
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