Interestingly, TROP2 seems to be involved in regulating the shift between cell migration and differentiation in primordium cells (Villablanca et al, 2006).
High ammonia levels, formed during the anaerobic degradation of protein-rich material, have been shown to be one important factor regulating the shift from aceticlastic methanogenesis to syntrophic acetate oxidation in mesophilic biogas processes (Schnürer et al., 1999; Schnürer and Nordberg, 2008).
In the context of influenza infections, IL-6 is a key cytokine important for regulating the shift from innate to adaptive components of the antiviral immune responses (Jones 2005), including proliferation of T cells and influenza-specific memory T cells (Longhi et al. 2008).
N fertilization in the temperate grassland might regulate the shift in labile C and SOM between microbial C utilization.
Upon AID activity, chromatin ubiquitination may signal assembly of hypermutation factors and/or ubiquitination cascades that regulate the shift between faithful uracil repair and mutagenesis.
Of note, PKM2 Y105, the phosphorylation of which regulates the shift between the dimer and the tetramer conformations is not included in the PKM2 Oct4 interaction site described by Lee et al.; however, we cannot exclude that this residue is implicated in the regulation of this interaction.
The Rex regulon plays an important role in regulating the overall redox balance, NADH/NAD+ levels, ATP synthesis, and electron transport, thus regulating the central carbon and energy metabolism, and is especially important in solventogenic clostridia as it has been shown to regulate the shift from acidogenesis to solventogenesis [ 26].
The pH of the medium is known to regulate the shift to solventogenesis during the fermentation of sugars [ 7]; the effect of low pH in the inhibition of methanogenic archaea is also recognized and could be potentially used as a selective pressure in mixed culture systems.
Substantial efforts are still needed to resolve this enigma, and reveal the signalling mechanisms that regulate the shifts in metabolic pathways and functioning of the genes involved in each type of flooding tolerance.
Several studies have suggested that monoamine neurotransmitters signaling feeding status, including dopamine [ 92], serotonin [ 92, 94], and octopamine [ 95], regulate these shifts in C. elegans motor behavior.
