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However, even the currently known loci have illuminated new biology underlying T2DM, such as MTNR1B (encoding a member of the melatonin receptor family) [ 45, 46] and CRY2 (encoding a member of the cryptochrome family that regulates the clock gene) [ 49], which point to regulation of 'clock' genes and circadian rhythms as contributing to T2DM pathogenesis.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02981.013 To confirm MAN1 regulates the clock by targeting BMAL1, we over-expressed Bmal1 in MAN1 knockdown U2OS Bmal1-Luc cells.
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We identify FLC as a dose-dependant regulator of circadian period and identify autonomous-pathway genes regulating the clock in both an FLC dependant and independent manner.
Interestingly, the direct light reception in peripheral tissues might affect physiology not only indirectly, via regulating the clock, but also more directly.
It is possible that the REV-ERBα selectivity for regulating the CLOCK gene may be a function of the HepG2 cell line used in this study and in other cell types RORα may play a significant role.
NHRs can be regulated by the clock and can also regulate the clock themselves.
However, the role played by temperature in regulating the clock during zebrafish development is poorly understood.
Post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, are important for regulating the clock feedback mechanism.
In contrast, the mammalian system is reported to only use around 16 cycling transcription factors, which oscillate in a circadian manner, to regulate the clock [ 37].
Alterations of the biological clock (eg, reduced responsiveness to the stimuli regulating the clock, excessive or insufficient coordination of responses) would disrupt the clock and the corresponding adjustments (Finkel 1976; Timiras 1978; Weinert and Timiras 2003).
CK2 regulates the mammalian clock by binding and phosphorylating the clock protein PER2 at S/T residues in the N-terminus, thereby stabilising the protein and promoting nuclear accumulation of PER2 [ 121].
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